LEXICAL PITFALLS IN POLISH-ENGLISH LEGAL TRANSLATION: A CASE STUDY INVOLVING STUDENTS OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY IN POLAND

Artykuł ukazuje problemy jakie napotkali studenci I i II roku anglistyki, którym postawiono za zadanie przetłumaczyć z języka polskiego na angielski, fragment uchwały Sądu Najwyższego dotyczącej wykonania Europejskiego Nakazu Aresztowania. Autor – czynny zawodowo prawnik – prokurator Prokuratury Rejonowej – analizuje ok. 20 zwrotów prawniczych pochodzących z tej uchwały i, odnosząc się do oficjalnego tłumaczenia tekstu, dokonuje analizy tłumaczeń zaproponowanych przez studentów (w sumie 108 wersji) przedstawiając i opisując zaistniałe błędy. Przeanalizowane przykłady ukazują specyfikę języka prawnego i prawniczego oraz zawiłości i pułapki leksykalno-syntaktyczne, jakie czyhają na polskiego tłumacza zajmującego się przekładem prawniczych tekstów z języka polskiego na język angielski lub odwrotnie. Omówione przykłady wskazują na potrzebę wysoce profesjonalnego szkolenia studentów neofilologii w zakresie przekładu tekstów specjalistycznych.The article illustrates problems which were encountered by students of the first and second year of English Philology, who had been given a task of translating from Polish into English a passage from a Supreme Court act, concerning the European Arrest Warrant execution. The author who is an active lawyer – working as a prosecutor of the District Prosecutor’s Office – analyzes almost twenty legal phrases coming from the original text and, comparing them with the official version of translation, examines the students’ versions (108 translations altogether) which are then accompanied by descriptions and comments on the mistakes made. The analyzed examples show the uniqueness of the legal language and its pitfalls as well as lexical and syntactic dilemmas which create linguistic traps for a Polish translator who is preoccupied with translation of legal texts from Polish into English or vice versa. Moreover, the discussed cases indicate the need for a highly professional training of philology students, especially in the area of ESP (English for Special Purposes)

Stability of the effective potential of the gauge-less top-Higgs model in curved spacetime

We investigate stability of the Higgs effective potential in curved spacetime. To this end, we consider the gauge-less top-Higgs sector with an additional scalar field. Explicit form of the terms proportional to the squares of the Ricci scalar, the Ricci tensor and the Riemann tensor that arise at the one-loop level in the effective action has been determined. We have investigated the influence of these terms on the stability of the scalar effective potential. The result depends on background geometry. In general, the potential becomes modified both in the region of the electroweak minimum and in the region of large field strength.Comment: 32 pages, 13 figures; version accepted for publication in JHE

Prediction of Young's modulus of trabeculae in microscale using macro-scale's relationships between bone density and mechanical properties

According to the literature, there are many mathematical relationships between density of the trabecular bone and mechanical properties obtained in macro-scale testing. In micro-scale, the measurements provide only the ranges of Young's modulus of trabeculae, but there are no experimentally tested relationships allowing the calculation of the distribution of Young's modulus of trabeculae within these experimental ranges. This study examined the applicability of relationships between bone density and mechanical properties obtained in macro-scale testing for the calculation of Young's modulus distribution in micro-scale. Twelve cubic specimens from eleven femoral heads were cut out and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanned. A mechanical compression test and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements were performed to obtain the experimental displacement and strain full-field evaluation for each specimen. Five relationships between bone density and Young's modulus were selected for the test; those were given by Carter and Hayes (1977), Ciarelli et al. (2000), Kaneko et al. (2004), Keller (1994) for the human femur, and Li and Aspden, 1997. Using these relationships, five separate finite element (FE) models were prepared, with different distribution of Young's modulus of trabeculae for each specimen. In total, 60 FE analyses were carried out. The obtained displacement and strain full-field measurements from numerical calculations and experiment were compared. The results indicate that the highest accuracy of the numerical calculation was obtained for the Ciarelli et al. (2000) relationship, where the relative error was 17.87% for displacements and 50.94 % for strains. Therefore, the application of the Ciarelli et al. (2000) relationship in the microscale linear FE analysis is possible, but mainly to determine bone displacement

The Object Segmentation from the Microstructure of a FSW Dissimilar Weld

Friction stir welding (FSW) is an environmentally friendly, solid-state welding technique. In this research work, we analyze the microstructure of a new type of FSW weld applying a two- stage framework based on image processing algorithms containing a segmentation step and microstructure analysis of objects occurring in different layers. A dual-speed tool as used to prepare the tested weld. In this paper, we present the segmentation method for recognizing areas containing particles forming bands in the microstructure of a dissimilar weld of aluminum alloys made by FSW technology. A digital analysis was performed on the images obtained using an Olympus GX51 light microscope. The image analysis process consisted of basic segmentation methods in conjunction with domain knowledge and object detection located in different layers of a weld using morphological operations and point transformations. These methods proved to be effective in the analysis of the microstructure images corrupted by noise. The segmentation parts as well as single objects were separated enough to analyze the distribution on different layers of the specimen and the variability of shape and size of the underlying microstructures, which was not possible without computer vision support

Loop Quantum Cosmology corrections to inflationary models

In the recent years the quantization methods of Loop Quantum Gravity have been successfully applied to the homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-times. The resulting theory, called Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC), resolves the Big Bang singularity by replacing it with the Big Bounce. We argue that LQC generates also certain corrections to field theoretical inflationary scenarios. These corrections imply that in the LQC the effective sonic horizon becomes infinite at some point after the bounce and that the scale of the inflationary potential implied by the COBE normalisation increases. The evolution of scalar fields immediately after the Bounce becomes modified in an interesting way. We point out that one can use COBE normalisation to establish an upper bound on the quantum of length of LQG.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure, plain Late

Nietypowe migracje Polaków w XIX-XXI wieku

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